This resource is provided by AmeriCymru and is intended for Welsh learners who are not yet ready to commit to a full time course. With Croeseiriau Cymraeg you can devise your own schedule and learn at your own pace. Before you start please go to this page: Croeseiriau Cymraeg and read the 'Introduction' and 'How to Use' sections.
If you are ready to commit to a full time course we recommend the following options:
AmeriCymraeg This is an online course with tutor John Good, which is offered in two-month terms. Go here for more information and to register: AmeriCymraeg
SSIW Want to learn quickly? Then you might want to check out the SSIW High Intensity Language Program here: SSIW
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canolbwyntio - to concentrate, to focus
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canolbwyntio - to concentrate, to focus
sample sentence:
O diar ! ' Perygl ! Tywod meddal , ochrau serth a cheryntau cryf .' Byddwn ni'n canolbwyntio ar dorheulo tra byddwn ni yma .
Oh dear! 'Danger! Soft sand, steep sides and strong currents.' We'll focus on sunbathing while we're here.
Image: perygl yn ynys glaslyn
*MUTANT ALERT*
In the sample sentence above on this page you will observe that the spelling of one word ( dorheulo ) differs from the spelling on the relevant Geiriadur listing page ( Torheulo - To Bask, To Sunbathe ). Be not alarmed!
This happens because:-
"Welsh, as with all other Celtic languages, often sees changes made to the beginning of words depending on the word that precedes it, or the role it plays in the sentence. These changes are known as "mutations", of which Welsh has three distinct types. Common situations in which a mutation may occur are when a word follows a preposition, possessive, or number."
The three types of mutation are:-
The three links above will take you to further information on Wikipedia about these commonly occurring mutations.
Most Welsh courses and teachers advise students not to worry too much about this at the outset. Fluent speakers will understand you if you forget to mutate a letter. With practice this will come naturally and there is perhaps, no need for beginning learners to make a conscious effort to apply these rules.
However, if you wish to acquaint yourself with the rules early on you could look out for the 'Mutant Alert' notice on the vocabulary pages and use these as an opportunity to refresh your knowledge by checking the above links.
Spot the Mutation: The mutation above is an example of a ........... mutation?
PRESENT TENSE - AFFIRMATIVE
...
Dwi'n canolbwyntio - I am concentrating
Wyt ti'n canolbwyntio - You are concentrating (familiar)
Mae e'n canolbwyntio / Mae hi'n canolbwyntio - He / She is concentrating
Dyn ni'n canolbwyntio - We are concentrating
Dych chi'n canolbwyntio - You (plural) are concentrating (also singular formal)
Maen nhw'n canolbwyntio - They are concentrating
,,,
PRESENT TENSE - NEGATIVE
...
Dwi ddim yn canolbwyntio - I am not concentrating
Dwyt ti ddim yn canolbwyntio - You are not concentrating (familiar)
Dydy e ddim yn canolbwyntio / Dydy hi ddim yn canolbwyntio - He / She is not concentrating
Dyn ni ddim yn canolbwyntio - We are not concentrating
Dych chi ddim yn canolbwyntio - You (plural) are not concentrating (also singular formal)
Dyn nhw ddim yn canolbwyntio - They are not concentrating
...
PRESENT TENSE - INTERROGATIVE
...
Ydw i'n canolbwyntio? - Am I concentrating?
Wyt ti'n canolbwyntio? - Are you concentrating? (familiar)
Ydy e'n canolbwyntio / Ydy hi'n canolbwyntio? - Is he / Is she concentrating?
Ydyn ni'n canolbwyntio? - Are we concentrating?
Ydych chi'n canolbwyntio? - Are you (plural) concentrating? (also singular formal)
Ydyn nhw'n canolbwyntio? - Are they concentrating?
...
QU ESTION - ’NO / YES’ REPLIES
...
Ydw i'n canolbwyntio? - (Nac) Wyt / (Ydych - formal)
Wyt ti'n canolbwyntio? - (Nac) Ydw
Ydy e'n canolbwyntio / Ydy hi'n canolbwyntio? - (Nac) Ydy
Ydyn ni'n canolbwyntio? - (Nac) Ydyn / Ydych
Ydych chi'n canolbwyntio? - (Nac) Ydyn / (Ydw - formal)
Ydyn nhw'n canolbwyntio? - (Nac) Ydyn
N.B. 'Wyt ti' is the familiar form of the 2nd person and should be used only when addressing close friends, family members and animals. 'Dych chi' is the polite form and should be used in all other instances.
