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On 30th June 1986, Maerdy Colliery in the Rhondda Valley produced its last truck of coal.
On 30th June 1937, Wales welcomed its first Basque refugee children from the Spanish Civil War. In total, of the 4000 children who were evacuated to the U.K, over 200 were to find homes at sites in Swansea, Old Colwyn, Caerleon and Brechfa in Carmarthenshire.
Edward Lhuyd (1660 – 30 June 1709) - naturalist, botanist, linguist, geographer and antiquary.
Born in Shropshire, the illegitimate son of Welsh parents, Lhuyd studied at Jesus College Oxford, before being appointed assistant Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, becoming Keeper himself in 1690, a post he held until his death in 1709.
Whilst employed by the Ashmolean he travelled extensively around all parts of Britain and Ireland. On a visit to Snowdonia in 1688, he constructed a list of flora local to that region (The Snowdon lily Lloydia serotina bears his name). Then in 1699, with financial aid from his friend Issac Newton, he published a catalogue of fossils collected from places around England,
On his travels through Scotland, Ireland, Cornwall, Brittany and the Isle of Man, he became interested in language, noting the similarity between the two Celtic language families: Brythonic or P - Celtic (Breton, Cornish and Welsh); and Goidelic or Q–Celtic (Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic) and he was instrumental in these peoples, becoming increasingly known from the 18th century onwards as Celts.
Lhuyd is responsible for the first scientific description and naming of what we would now recognize as a dinosaur: the sauropod tooth Rutellum implicatum and the National Naturalists' Society of Wales, Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd is named after him.
Born this day 1951 in Swansea
Geoff Wheel - former Wales rugby international.
Wheel was a tough uncompromising second-row forward who was a cornerstone of the successful 1970's Welsh team. In 1977, he and Willie Duggan of Ireland were sent off following an altercation. In so doing, they became the first players sent off during a Five Nations international.
Wheel is now the organist at All Saint's Church, Kilvey in Swansea.
Thomas Phillips (1760 - 30 June 1851) - a founder of St David's College, Lampeter (pictured) and the founder of Llandovery College
Born in London to parents from Radnorshire and educated in Wales, Phillps became apprenticed to an apothecary at Hay on Wye and qualified as a surgeon in London in 1780. He then joined the East India Company and moved to India where as well as working as a surgeon, he became involved in business and the setting up of libraries, for the education of soldiers. He returned to London in 1817 a rich man and spent the rest of his life benevolently.
Phillips was a major benefactor of St David's College, Lampeter, donating over 22,000 volumes to the College and the founder of Llandovery College in 1847, to which he donated £4,666 and a library of 7,000 books. He had a major concern for the survival of the Welsh language and specified that it be taught regularly and systematically at the college, and also "for some portion of the day" to be the sole medium of communication and instruction.
T he television film Richard II was r eleased on 30th June 2012. It was filmed predominantly at Saint David's Cathedral and Pembroke Castle,
Today is the feast day of Saint Gelert
Saint Gelert c.650 - It is believed that Gelert was a missionary, evangelizing in Llangeler (Carmarthenshire) and Beddgelert (Snowdonia), and the surrounding Gelert Valley. At some stage, Gelert lived as a hermit in a cave near what is now known as the Holy Well of St Celer near Llandysul, to where pilgrims would travel for healing by Gelert. Eventually the chapel, Capel Mair was erected over the well, of which the ruins still remain. His feast day is 29th June.
However local Welsh legend more often identifies Gelert as the favourite hunting wolfhound of Llywelyn the Great.
Gelert was always ready for the hunt, but one on occasion, he was not there to greet Llywelyn for a morning hunt, so reluctantly Llywelyn left without him. On his return, Llywelyn was delighted to be greeted exitedly by his faithful hound but immediately noticed that the dog was covered in blood. Llywelyn hurried in to look for his baby son and was horrified to see blood all over the room and baby's cradle overturned and empty. Llywelyn frantically searched for his son and immediately assumed that Gelert had killed his son.
Llywelyn drew his sword and struck Gelert a fearsome blow, causing the dog to let out a long-drawn out howl, before dying at his masters feet. Immediately after a babies cry was heard from under a pile of bedding that had been dispersed from the overturned cradle and when Llywelyn investigated he saw his son alive and lying next to the body of a large wolf that Gelert had slain. Llywelyn was devastated that he had killed his loyal friend and it is said that he never smiled again.
This story, however, was a fabricated in the 18th century, by David Pritchard, the owner of the Goat Pub in Beddgelert, who also made an inscribed burial mound for Gelert, in an attempt to attract tourists to the village.
So sadly, the village of Beddgelert is not named after Gelert the Wolfhound, its name derives from the early Christian saint, but tourists still come in their droves to see the last resting place of Gelert.
Born this day 1980 in Neath
Katherine Jenkins - award-winning Welsh mezzo-soprano and official mascot of the Welsh rugby team.
Her first album Premiere made her the fastest-selling mezzo-soprano to date and she later became the first British classical artist to have two number-one albums in the same year. She is also the first female to win two consecutive Classical BRIT Awards. Katherine first came to wide public attention in 2003 when she sang at Westminster Cathedral in honour of Pope John PaulII's silver jubilee and has since performed in a large number of concerts worldwide. Katherine is the only artist in music history to simultaneously hold the number 1, 2 3 & 4 position on the classical albums charts. In 2008, she signed the biggest classical recording deal in history, for US$10 million (£5.8 million), with Warner Music.
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A total eclipse of the sun took place over many parts of Wales, just after dawn on 29th June 1927. It first hit Pen Llyn, before moving over Pwllheli, Snowdon and Conwy. Thousands of people came to Caernarfon to view the eclipse with many of them climbing local mountains such as Cader Idris and Snowdon to get an uninterrupted view.
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Born this day 1940 in Chapel of Ease, Abercarn, near Newbridge.
John Dawes OBE - former Wales and Lions rugby captain and coach.
After gaining a degree in chemistry from the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dawes concentrated on rugby captaining the Grand Slam winning side of 1971. Later that year he captained the British and Irish Lions on their tour of New Zealand, who became the first and so far the only Lions team to win a series against the All Blacks. After retiring as a player, Dawes became coach of the Welsh national side in 1974, a post he held until 1979. This was one of the most successful periods in the history of Welsh rugby, with Wales winning four, Five Nations Championships and two Grand Slams. Dawes also coached the 1997 Lions tour to New Zealand.
The "Riot Act" was read at Mochdre in the Vale of Clwyd on 28th June 1887, during the "Tithe War".
Tithe payments entitled the Church to a tenth of people's annual income and was usually paid in the form of produce, such as crops, wool and milk. Then in 1836, the payment became required in cash with Tithe Maps being drawn up of the Welsh landscape to show how much landowners should pay. These measures caused much contention, as most farmers at the time were Nonconformists and also contributed to the upkeep of their own churches. Being required to contribute to Anglican Churches as well, provoked bitterness and anger.
These tensions were further aggravated by the agricultural depression which began in the 1870's and resulted in many people refusing to pay the tithe. The authorities responded in the 1880's by enforcing the sale of land and property to collect the money and this led to confrontations between the farmers and the authorities, particularly in Denbighshire, where, the Welsh National Land League was established, based on the model of the Irish Land League. Also in Denbighshire, Thomas Gee, the owner of the Welsh-language newspaper ‘Baner ac Amserau Cymru’ very active in the anti-Tithe campaign.
There were violent protests in Llangwm, Llanefydd and Mochdred, where 84 people were injured including 35 police officers and the following year troops were deployed to maintain order. However the ‘Tithe War’ only came to an end, when in 1891 the Tithe Bill was introduced that made the responsibility for paying the tithe, that of the landlord and not the tenant.
The Treaty of Versailles and its Welsh connections
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty at the end of World War I, which was signed on 28 June 1919. The final conditions were determined by the leaders of the "Big Three" nations: British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau and American President Woodrow Wilson and included
- A League of Nations was to be created to prevent further world conflict.
- Germany had to accept the responsibility for causing all the loss and damage during the war - the War Guilt clause.
- Germany had to pay reparations to the value of 132 billion Marks ( UK £284 billion in 2013).
- German armed forces were reduced to 100,000 troops, with no tanks. Its navy was to have six battleships and no submarines - Germany was banned from having an Air Force - All German and Turkish Colonies were taken away and put under Allied control.
- Poland, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Czechoslovakia all became independent countries
- Austria-Hungary was split up and Yugoslavia was created.
Welsh connections;
* Lloyd George
* The reparations imposed on Germany by the treaty, in which they were able to pay some of their debts in coal production, were to have a dramatic impact on the South Wales coalfield. In 1913, 57 million tons of coal were being produced in South Wales and 250, 000 men were employed. However when many foreign markets were lost to German mines and the effects of the post-war depression came into to play, coal production in South Wales fell from being a third of world output in 1916, to just 3% in 1929.
* Leader of the Australian delegation, Prime Minister Billy Hughes ( a Welsh speaker from Holyhead) and Lloyd George were known, when agitated, to argue in Welsh.
On 28th June 1960, at approximately 10.45, an explosion took place in the West District of the Old Coal Seam at Six Bells Colliery at Aberbeeg, near Abertillery, which killed 45 men and boys. A public enquiry into the disaster concluded that the probable cause of the explosion was firedamp ignited by a spark from a stone falling onto a steel girder.
On the 50th anniversary of the disaster in 2010, a 20m high steel sculpture of a miner, named "Guardian of the Valleys" was unveiled in tribute those who lost their lives.
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A Welsh-born Osprey, leg ringed and named "Black 80" on the 28th June 2006, was to become the first Welsh-born osprey known to have returned to Britain to breed. During the middle ages, ospreys would have been widespread throughout Wales and the rest of the U.K. Due to a heavy reliance on fish in the human diet, most big houses and monastic sites would have had a fishpond. These, in turn, would have attracted birds of prey such as the osprey, who were themselves hunted and killed. This led to decreasing numbers, which combined with the activities of egg collectors, and trophy hunters, resulted in the osprey becoming totally extinct by 1916.
* The Mabinogion tells the tale of “The Eagle of Gwernabwy”, described as being “the one who has wandered most”, attempting to catch a salmon from Llyn (lake) Lliw, so large that it is almost drowned. This eagle is likely to be an osprey.
* The Coat of Arms of the city of Swansea, granted in 1316, features an osprey suggesting that they once bred in the area.
* A Flemish engineer working on drainage systems in the Dyfi estuary in 1604 mentioned several “fishey hawkes” breeding close together along the River Dyfi. This is almost certainly a reference to ospreys and the earliest date that can be given to them breeding in Wales,
Ospreys had been reported as migrating over Wales for many years. Llandudno in 1828 and Caernarfon in 1937, but it wasn't until May 2004, that a pair of ospreys were found nesting near Croesor in the Glaslyn Valley, becoming the first to be officially recorded as breeding in Wales. On 26th May 2008 Black 80 a male from the 2006 Glaslyn nest became the first Welsh-born osprey known to have returned to Britain to breed.
On this day 1906, an earthquake measuring 5.2 on the Richter scale hit Swansea, wreaking damage and bringing panic to the streets.
The picture shows Bwa Maen (The Stone Bow), the extreme folding of rock along the Dinas Fault. A fault line running from Hereford to Swansea - the cause of the Swansea earthquake of 1906. This remains one of the UK's largest ever tremors and was felt over much of south Wales. Contemporary reports tell of falling bricks and chimney pots, children being evacuated from school, Mumbles lighthouse wobbling on its foundations and Llanelli's Town Hall clock stopping.
There were very few injuries, however, with only one man and a three-year-old boy requiring hospital treatment after being hit by bricks and a girl working in Cwmavon being badly injured when tin plates toppled on top of her.
Born this day 1906 in Maesteg.
Vernon Watkins poet, translator and painter, he read fluently by the age of four, and at five announced that he would be a poet.
He wrote poetry and read widely from eight or nine years of age and was especially fond of the works of Keats and Shelly. Watkins spent most of his working life as a bank clerk and was only interested only in having enough time to work on poetry. He was a close friend of Dylan Thomas who described him as "the most profound and greatly accomplished Welshman writing poems in English" and he was the only person from whom Thomas took advice on writing poetry. He along with Dylan Thomas were members of the Swansea group known as the "Kardomah boys". He was godfather to Dylan's son Llewelyn and wrote Dylan Thomas's obituary.
Wales toured South Africa in 1998 under caretaker coach Denis John , with an inexperienced side and got the hiding of all hidings at Loftus Versfeld on 27th June, with the Boks running riot and winning the game 96-13. It was Wales's biggest ever defeat, the 15 tries Wales conceded was another record as was the 83-point losing margin.
WALES: 15. Byron Hayward (Darril Williams) 14. Dafydd James 13. Mark Taylor 12. John Funnell (Stephen Jones ) 11. Garen Evans 10. Arwel Thomas 9. Paul John (David Llewellyn) 1. Mike Griffiths 2. Barry Williams (Garin Jenkins) 3. John Davies (Darren Morris) 4. Ian Gough 5. Andy Moore 6. Nathan Thomas 7. Colin Charvis (Geraint Lewis) 8. Kingsley Jones, captain (Chris Wyatt).
Born this day 1985 in Port Talbot
James Hook - Wales international rugby union player who currently plays for the French club Perpignan.
Hook's strengths as a player include good distribution skills, his tactical and spacial awareness and reliable goal kicking. His instinct is to play an attacking running style of rugby and his versatility in being able to play in many positions is an asset to any team he plays for, however this versatility has also meant that he has not been able to nail down a secure playing position and many believe that this was a major consideration in his decision to move to France., Hook is Wales third highest all-time points scorer behind Neil Jenkins and Stephen Jones.
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Y Mabinogi (and the English version Otherworld) , is mainly an animated film, but also containing live action sequences, which is based on The Mabinogion. It was released on 27th June 2003, starring Matthew Rhys, Daniel Evans and Jenny Livsey.
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The Millennium stadium was opened this day 1999 in Cardiff.
The Millennium Stadium is the National Stadium of Wales and the home of the Welsh National rugby union team, it was was built to host the 1999 Rugby World Cup. It replaced Cardiff Arms Park, which had a capacity of only 53,000 and the conversion to an all-seater stadium would have reduced the capacity to 47,500. In addition to the problems of capacity, it was well hidden by the neighbouring buildings and access to the ground was also very restricted.
* The first major event to be held was an international rugby match on 26 June 1999 when Wales beat South Africa by 29–19, the first time they had ever beaten the Springboks.
* It has a seating capacity of 74,500, additional seating can be added and the current record attendance is 74,576, recorded at Wales' 30–15 victory over Scotland in 2008
* It is the second largest stadium in the world with a fully retractable roof and by capacity, it is the largest rugby stadium in the world with this feature.
* The total construction cost of the stadium was £121 million.
* The natural grass turf is laid on top of some 7,412 pallets which can be moved so the stadium can be used for concerts, exhibitions and other events.
* Further stadium development is expected to commence before 2020which will make the stadium bowl shaped and will increase capacity to approximately 80,000.
* In each of the stadium's bars, so-called "joy machines" can pour 12 pints in less than 20 seconds. During a Wales Vs France match, 63,000 fans drank 77,184 pints of beer.
* The stadium has a resident hawk named "Dad", who is employed to drive seagulls and pigeons out of the stadium.
Today is the feast day of Saint Branoc ( c.550 )
The Saint who sailed from Wales to Devon in a stone coffin and established a monastery. ( This coffin could have been a ‘lech’ or tombstone which all the Celtic saints supposedly carried with them on their pilgrimages)
When Branoc arrived in Braunton in Devon the area was covered in forest and Branoc began teaching the pagan natives about more productive farming techniques, as well as trying to convert them to Christianity. The site of his monastery was given to him in a dream in which an angel told him to build it where he found a white sow suckling seven piglets.
Another story tells us of the thieves who killed Branoc's favourite cow and put it in a pot of water to cook, however, the water would not heat and Brannoc was able to breathe life back into the cow to revive it. The Braunton crest features Brannock with a cow resting behind him. sdfwefwe
Born this day 1885 in Rhydcymerau,
D. J. Williams (David John Williams) - Prominent Welsh nationalist and one of the most respected, twentieth century Welsh-language writers.
Williams studied English at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth and Jesus College, Oxford and for most of his life, he taught English at the Grammer School in Fishguard, Pembrokeshire. He was one of the founders of Plaid Cymru and along with Saunders Lewis and Lewis Valentine, spent nine months in prison in 1936 for the protest burning of a bombing school at Penyberth in north-west Wales.
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The "drought of the century" - June–September 1976
This was the period when Wales and the rest of the U.K. sweltered under the heat of consistent temperatures of between 26.7°C and 32.2°C. There was virtually no rainfall and rivers almost stopped flowing. It was the driest period in recorded history in the U.K and the situation was so severe that the government appointed Drought Committee, which implemented a hosepipe ban and advised people to use washing up water to flush water and to bathe in no more than five inches of water.
On this day 1876, Welshman Sgt William B James was killed at the Battle of Little Bighorn.
The story of General George Armstrong Custer's last stand against 7,000 Cheyenne and Sioux warriors at the Battle of Little Bighorn is a well known one. But not so well known is that one of the men of the Seventh Cavalry who fought to the death alongside him on June 25 in 1876 was a farmer's son from Pembrokeshire.
This was 28-year-old Sgt William B James, the only Welsh-born soldier to fight in the famous battle, who was born at Pencnwc Farm, in Dinas Cross, near Newport, Pembs in 1848. Following the death of his father and two sisters, William went to America to look for a new start. After a stint as a coach driver in Chicago, he became a soldier and rose rapidly up the ranks to sergeant in only three years, a promotion that in those days usually took 12yrs. In a sad twist of fate, the record also shows him listed in E Troop and had just one year left of his contract in the Army and had saved $80 to secure a brighter future - when he was killed with Custer.
Little Bighorn was the scene of America's worst military disaster and an all-round human tragedy. The battle took place after three Army columns, including Custer's Seventh Cavalry, were dispatched to Montana to return thousands of rebelling Sioux and Cheyenne Indians - gathered there under the warrior Sitting Bull - to their reservations. After spotting a Sioux village and a group of 40 warriors along the Rosebud River, Custer attacked. But he had grossly underestimated the number of warriors in the village and was soon massively outnumbered. The battle raged and after splitting his men into three groups, Custer and his group of 210 men - many of them Irish or German - were killed. With the exception of Custer, who had been wearing buckskins, every uniformed man's body was mutilated, preventing them, the Indians believed, from ascending into heaven. Outraged at the death of a famed Civil War hero, the nation demanded retribution and the downfall of the Great Plains Indian began in earnest.
On this day 1258 Llywelyn ap Gruffydd and Roger Mortimer signed a truce in Montgomery. It didn't last long
Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer, of Wigmore was a loyal supporter of King Henry III of England and later of his son Edward I. He was also a sworn enemy although an occasional ally of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd. They began fighting in 1256 and continued intermittently until both of their deaths in 1282. They were both grandsons of Llywelyn the Great.
1231 Born the eldest son of Ralph de Mortimer and Gwladys Ddu, the daughter of Llywelyn the Great
1247 Married Matilda de Braose, eldest daughter of William de Braose, whom Llywelyn the Great had hanged in 1230, on a suspicion of adultery with his wife Joan. Matilda brought with her substantial lands in Brecon and Radnor.
1256 Llywelyn ap Gruffudd invaded Roger's lordship of Rhayader and the two went to war.
1258 (25 June) Mortimer signed a truce with the Llywelyn at Montgomery.
1260 Llywelyn attacked and captured Builth Castle from Mortimer.
1260 (August) Mortimer and Llywelyn signed another truce.
On the outbreak of the great struggle between Henry III and the barons in 1258 Mortimer, at first, arrayed himself on the baronial side but the increasingly close relations between his great enemy, Llywelyn of Wales, and the party of Montfort, must have made it extremely difficult for Mortimer to remain long on the side of the barons.
1262 Mortimer's Welsh tenants in Melenydd (Radnorshire) rose in revolt and Llywelyn and Mortimer were at war again. Llywelyn took Mortimer's three Radnorshire castles of Knucklas, Bleddfa, and Cefnllys.
1263 Mortimer is reported to have inflicted terrible slaughter on his Welsh enemies and recovered Cefnllys, but lost Brecon and his castle at Radnor to Llywelyn.
1264 - 1267 The Second Barons War, an English civil war where the English barons, led by Simon de Montfort went to war against the forces of King Henry III. Mortimer was loyal to the King whilst Llywelyn and Simon de Montfort made an alliance which concluded with The Treaty of Pipton in 1265, which came after The Battle of Lewes, at which King Henry and his son (the future Edward I) were captured. The Treaty of Pipton stipulated that Llywelyn pay de Montfort, 30,000 marks in return for him being acknowledged as the Prince of Wales, with the fealty of all the Princes, Lords and Chieftains of Wales, they also agreed on a permanent peace and that Llywelyn would marry De Montfort's daughter, Eleanor. However in 1265 Mortimer's wife, Maud de Braose helped rescue Prince Edward, who defeated and killed de Montfort as well as slaughtering his Welsh soldiers at The Battle of Evesham. Mortimer sent the severed head of de Montfort to Wigmore Castle as a gift for his wife.
1267 The Treaty of Montgomery; Llywelyn was acknowledged as Prince of Wales by King Henry III .
1272 Henry III dies and Edward I becomes King of England, relations between England and Wales deteriorate
1276 Edward declared war on Llywelyn and Mortimer was appointed captain for Shropshire, Staffordshire, Herefordshire in the Welsh Marches
1277 Mortimer was assigned to widen the roads in Wales and Bromfield to facilitate the march of the king's troops
1277 The Treaty of Aberconwy superseded the stipulations laid down at Montgomery and severely curbed Llywelyn's power.
1282 Mortimer took part in Edward I's campaign against Llywelyn and was put in charge of operations in mid-Wales.
1282 (30th October) Roger Mortimer died and was buried at Wigmore Abbey.
1282 It was Roger Mortimer's son Edmund who tricked Llywelyn into coming to Builth, on the pretence of offering Llywelyn his homage, which resulted in Llywelyn's death and it was Edmund's brother Roger Mortimer of Chirk who presented Llywelyn's severed head to King Edward I at Rhuddlan Castle.
The Newport Ship
In June 2002, a fifteenth-century ship was discovered on the bank of the River Usk in Newport, during the building of the city's Riverfront Arts Centre. Items discovered in the 80 foot ship suggest that it was engaged in trade with Portugal in the fifteenth century. The £3.5 million rescue and preservation costs have been shared by Newport City Council and the Welsh Assembly.
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Born this day 1969 in Merthyr
Michael Gustavius Payne, award winning and much respected figurative painter, who was raised in Merthyr's Gurnos estate during the mid-1970s until the early 1990s.
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25th June 1883 - Six miners were killed and another 8 badly injured in an accident at the New Duffryn Colliery, Rhymney.
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On 24 June 1277 English King Edward I began his first campaign against the Welsh following Llewelyn ap Gruffydd's refusal to pay him homage.
The First War of Welsh Independence;
1267 Llywelyn ap Gruffydd and Henry III of England agreed to The Treaty of Montgomery in which Henry III agreed to recognise Llewelyn as Prince of Wales, and accepted that the title should descend to Llewelyn's heirs and all other Welsh rulers had to do homage to Llewelyn, while Llewelyn agreed to do homage to the English monarch in exchange for his support.
1272 Edward I became King of England
1274 After failing in an assassination attempt on Llywelyn, Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn of Powys and Llywelyn's younger brother Dafydd ap Gruffydd defected to the English.
1275 Edward demanded that Llywelyn come to Chester to do homage to him, Llywelyn refused.
1275 Llywelyn's was married by proxy to Eleanor, which antagonised Edward further as she was the daughter of Simon de Montfort, the leader of a rebellion against the crown during the reign of Edward's father Henry III.
1276 Edward declared war on Llywelyn and when Eleanor sailed from France to meet Llewelyn, Edward hired pirates to seize her ship and imprisoned her at Windsor Castle.
1277 (24th June) Llywelyn refused to pay homage to Edward
1277 (July) Edward launched a punitive expedition into Wales with a force of 15,500. English armies, from Carmarthen, were successful in Deheubarth, from Chester in Powys Fadog and from Shrewsbury in Maelienydd, Builth, Brycheiniog and Gwrtheyrnion. Llywelyn realised his position was hopeless and surrendered.
1277 (November) Llywelyn was forced to accept The Treaty of Aberconwy. According to the terms of the Treaty, the concessions granted by the earlier Treaty of Montgomery were effectively removed and Llywelyn had to undergo the humiliation of swearing oaths of fealty to Edward, pay a fine of £50,000 and lose the fealty of the other Welsh rulers. He was left with only Uwch Conwy (the lands west of the river Conwy) but allowed to still use the title of Prince of Wales. Once signed, Edward began building the castles of Flint, Rhuddlan, Aberystwyth and Builth.
The earliest reference to building at Caernarfon Castle dates from 24 June 1283, when a ditch was dug separating the site of the castle from the town
Edward I's war with Wales ended in May 1283 and he began building castles to consolidate his rule. Caernarfon Castle is perhaps Edward's most imposing castles as it was to be a symbol of English dominance over the subdued Welsh.
* The master mason responsible for the design and orchestrating the construction of the castle was James of Saint George.
* The architecture was based on that of Constantinople, which had inspired Edward when he was fighting there in the Crusades
* As with most castles built in enemy territory, a wooden barricade was erected to defend the building works from attack.
* Timber was shipped in from Rhuddlan, Conway and Liverpool
* Stone was quarried from from Anglesey and from the ruins of the near by Roman fort of Segontium
* According to the Flores Historium, during the construction of the castle and planned town, the body of the Roman emperor Magnus Maximus was discovered and Edward I ordered his reburial in a local church.
* The cost of the building work was £22,000, more than the Treasury's yearly income.
* Building work continued until 1323, but it was actually never finished
* Edward II was born at Caernarfon on 25 April 1284
* In 1284, Caernarfon was defended by a garrison of forty men.
J ulia Gillard (born in Barry) was sworn in on June 24th 2010 , becoming the first female Prime Minister of Australia
Julia Gillard was born on September 29th, 1961, in Barry. As a child, Gillard suffered from bronchopneumonia and for the benefit of her recovery, her parents decided in 1966, to move to the warmer climate of Australia, settling in Adelaide. Gillard began her studies in arts and law at the University of Adelaide; but in 1983, she was elected the Vice President of the Australian Union of Students (AUS). Since the AUS headquarters were in Melbourne, she had to stop her studies in Adelaide and continue them at the Melbourne University. That same year, the very politically active and aware Gillard, was elected the President of AUS. After finishing her law degree in Melbourne, Gillard began working for the industrial law firm, Slater and Gordon, which she would later, in 1990, become a partner at. Her work at the firm focused primarily on employee rights after unfair dismissals and workplace disputes. While working at the firm, Gillard switched her aims to that of a career in federal politics.
In 1996, Gillard entered the political world by becoming John Brumby’s (the then Opposition Leader of the State of Victoria) Chief-of-Staff. She served as Brumby’s Chief-of-Staff until 1998, when she ran for “the Federal seat of Lalor for the Australian Labor Party and was elected that year. From 1998 until 2001, Gillard served on a number of committees and in 2001, she was appointed Shadow Minister for Population and Immigration. Then in 2003, she took on the responsibilities of the Reconciliation and Indigenous Affairs Committee. Gillard also served as Shadow Minister for Health from 2003 to 2006. Julia Gillard became the Deputy Leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) on December 4th, 2006, and also assumed the responsibility of Shadow Minister for Employment and Industrial Relations. The ALP came out on top after the 2007 elections and Gillard became the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education,
On June 24th, 2010 and September 14th, 2010 (there are two swearing-in sessions so as to follow the later Federal Election) Julia Gillard became the first female Prime Minister of Australia.
On 24th June 1468, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, granted a charter to Neath Abbey.
Neath Abbey, whose substantial ruins still remain, was a Cistercian monastery, near the present-day Neath and at one time, was the largest abbey in Wales. Tudor historian John Leland called Neath Abbey "the fairest abbey of all Wales."
On 23rd June 1894, a firedamp explosion at Albion Colliery, Cilfynydd, Glamorgan, resulted in the death of 290 coal miners and 123 horses underground , making it the worst disaster in Welsh mining history up to that date (it was later exceeded by that at Senghenydd in 1913). ..
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On 23rd June 2012, Christine James became both the first woman and the first Welsh learner to be appointed Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales.
Brought up in an English-speaking household in Tonypandy, Ms James learnt Welsh at school in Porth and Aberystwyth University.
The Archdruid presides over the most important ceremonies at the National Eisteddfod including Chairing of the Bard, Crowning of the Bard and The Award of the Prose Medal.
Born this day 1984 in Bangor
Duffy (Amie Ann Duffy) - Singer-songwriter, best known for her hit songs "Mercy" and "Warwick Avenue"
Duffy and her twin sister were raised in Nefyn on the Llŷn Peninsula and moved to Pembrokeshire with her mother when her parents divorced. Returning to Nefyn, Duffy started her career singing with various local bands.
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Half Light, released on 23rd June 2006 and shot on location in Wal es, is a Mystery/Horror Film starring Demi Moore and Hans Matheson. Locations include Ynys Llanddwyn and Malltraeth beach on Anglesey, Betws y Coed, and the Ty Coch Inn at Porthdinllain.
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On this day 1314, 1,000 Welsh Longbowmen were part of the defeated force at The Battle of Bannockburn.
Following Edward I's subjugation of Wales after the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd in 1282 and the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, Wales was legally annexed to the kingdom of England. This left Welsh military forces redundant, they were a large group of men used to regular pay and a soldier's way of life. They were ideal mercenaries for Edward as they included the much respected Welsh Longbowmen that had been used to such good effect against the English during the preceding conflicts, so it stood to reason that the English were keen to utilise them. .Many Welshmen fought in Edward I's campaigns in Scotland, forming 10,000 of the 12,000 foot soldiers led by Edward to defeat William Wallace at Falkirk in 1298. But they were disobedient and riotous, on one occasion almost killing Edward I himself in a camp dispute, although the gradual rehabilitation of the Welsh gentry, where the Welsh were again allowed to hold positions as Sheriffs and in government, helped restore their discipline, as the Welsh soldiers only really obeyed their own native officers. Later, Edward II (1307-27) had reason to fear a union between his Scots, Irish and Welsh enemies, so he was keen to keep the Welsh soldiers in his employment. In his total force of 15,000 foot soldiers at The Battle of Bannockburn 5,000 were Welsh including 1,000 longbowmen, dressed in their distinctive white and green.
The Battle of Bannockburn opened with one of the most celebrated individual contests in history (pictured). Sighting Robert Bruce isolated, Sir Henry de Bohun, charged him, lowered his lance and bared down on the king. Bruce met the charge, dodging the lance at the last minute, stood up in his stirrups and brought his battle axe down on de Bohun's helmet, splitting his head in two. The following battle was an unremitted disaster for the English, they lost comprehensively, suffering heavy casualties, thousands of infantry, 100 knights and one earl lay dead on the field. Those fleeing caused chaos in the massed infantry behind them. In the rout that followed hundreds of men and horses were drowned in the burn desperately trying to escape. Some however managed to escaped the confusion, the Earl of Pembroke and his Welsh infantry made a safe retreat to Carlisle.
On 23rd June 1864, Aberystwyth was linked to the rail network for the first time.
The arrival of the railway gave rise to something of a Victorian tourist boom and Aberystwyth was once even billed as the "Biarritz of Wales". A second railway opened in 1867, which linked Aberystwyth to Lampeter and Carmarthen, bringing in new crowds of tourists from industrial South Wales, which resulted in the opening of the Royal Pier in 1869, which, attracted 7,000 visitors.
During this time, the town's impressive station was built and a number of hotels and fine townhouses were built. One of which, "The Castle Hotel", was never completed, but in 1872 became Aberystwyth University and then in 1907, became home to the National Library of Wales.
Then in 1896, The Aberystwyth Improvement Company opened the Aberystwyth Cliff Railway, which at the time was the longest funicular railway in the British Isles. The railway formed part of a theme park on Constitution Hill, which also included arcades and a restaurant at the foot of the hill and at the top of the hill a camera obscura and park.
The original railway station was replaced by a grand terminus building with five platforms in 1925 by the Great Western Railway. However when railway usage went into decline, the station was too big for its purpose and was replaced by a retail unit in the 1990's.
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