This resource is provided by AmeriCymru and is intended for Welsh learners who are not yet ready to commit to a full time course. With Croeseiriau Cymraeg you can devise your own schedule and learn at your own pace. Before you start please go to this page: Croeseiriau Cymraeg and read the 'Introduction' and 'How to Use' sections.
If you are ready to commit to a full time course we recommend the following options:
AmeriCymraeg This is an online course with tutor John Good, which is offered in two-month terms. Go here for more information and to register: AmeriCymraeg
SSIW Want to learn quickly? Then you might want to check out the SSIW High Intensity Language Program here: SSIW
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Arfer - to use (habitually, usually), to be used to, to be accustomed to
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arfer - to use (habitually, usually), to be used to, to be accustomed to
( arfer is also a noun meaning custom , routine. )
sample sentence:
Dyn ni wedi arfer â hyn yn yr ardaloedd anghysbell ond mae'n anghyfleus iawn . Mae'n amser hir i groesi 'ch coesau .
We are used to this in the remote areas but it is very inconvenient. It's a long time to cross your legs.
Image: Toiledau ar gau....
*MUTANT ALERT*
In the sample sentence above on this page you will observe that the spelling of one word ( groesi ) differs from the spelling on the relevant Geiriadur listing page ( Croesi - To Cross ) Be not alarmed!
This happens because:-
"Welsh, as with all other Celtic languages, often sees changes made to the beginning of words depending on the word that precedes it, or the role it plays in the sentence. These changes are known as "mutations", of which Welsh has three distinct types. Common situations in which a mutation may occur are when a word follows a preposition, possessive, or number."
The three types of mutation are:-
The three links above will take you to further information about these commonly occurring mutations.
Most Welsh courses and teachers advise students not to worry too much about this at the outset. Fluent speakers will understand you if you forget to mutate a letter. With practice this will come naturally and there is perhaps, no need for beginning learners to make a conscious effort to apply these rules.
However, if you wish to acquaint yourself with the rules early on you could look out for the 'Mutant Alert' notice on the vocabulary pages and use these as an opportunity to refresh your knowledge by checking the above links.
Spot the Mutation: The mutation above is an example of a ........... mutation?
PRESENT TENSE - AFFIRMATIVE
...
Dwi'n arfer - I am used to
Wyt ti'n arfer - You are used to (familiar)
Mae e'n arfer / Mae hi'n arfer - He / She is used to
Dyn ni'n arfer - We are used to
Dych chi'n arfer - You (plural) are used to (also singular formal)
Maen nhw'n arfer - They are used to
,,,
PRESENT TENSE - NEGATIVE
...
Dwi ddim yn arfer - I am not used to
Dwyt ti ddim yn arfer - You are not used to (familiar)
Dydy e ddim yn arfer / Dydy hi ddim yn arfer - He / She is not used to
Dyn ni ddim yn arfer - We are not used to
Dych chi ddim yn arfer - You (plural) are not used to (also singular formal)
Dyn nhw ddim yn arfer - They are not used to
...
PRESENT TENSE - INTERROGATIVE
...
Ydw i'n arfer? - Am I used to?
Wyt ti'n arfer? - Are you used to? (familiar)
Ydy e'n arfer / Ydy hi'n arfer? - Is he / Is she used to?
Ydyn ni'n arfer? - Are we used to?
Ydych chi'n arfer? - Are you (plural) used to? (also singular formal)
Ydyn nhw'n arfer? - Are they used to?
...
QUESTION - ’NO / YES’ REPLIES
...
Ydw i'n arfer? - (Nac) Wyt / (Ydych - formal)
Wyt ti'n arfer? - (Nac) Ydw
Ydy e'n arfer / Ydy hi'n arfer? - (Nac) Ydy
Ydyn ni'n arfer? - (Nac) Ydyn / Ydych
Ydych chi'n arfer? - (Nac) Ydyn / (Ydw - formal)
Ydyn nhw'n arfer? - (Nac) Ydyn
...
N.B. 'Wyt ti' is the familiar form of the 2nd person and should be used only when addressing close friends, family members and animals. 'Dych chi' is the polite form and should be used in all other instances.
