This resource is provided by AmeriCymru and is intended for Welsh learners who are not yet ready to commit to a full time course. With Croeseiriau Cymraeg you can devise your own schedule and learn at your own pace. Before you start please go to this page: Croeseiriau Cymraeg and read the 'Introduction' and 'How to Use' sections.
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Cysgu - To Sleep
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cysgu - to sleep
sample sentence: Cysgais i'n dawel yn y gadair ar ôl darllen fy llyfr . - I slept quietly in the chair after reading my book.
Image: Yn y gadair...
*MUTANT ALERT*
In the sample sentence above on this page you will observe that the spelling of two words ( dawel , gadair ) differ from the spelling on the relevant Geiriadur listing page ( Tawel - Quiet, Calm, Serene Cadair - Chair ). Be not alarmed!
This happens because:-
"Welsh, as with all other Celtic languages, often sees changes made to the beginning of words depending on the word that precedes it, or the role it plays in the sentence. These changes are known as "mutations", of which Welsh has three distinct types. Common situations in which a mutation may occur are when a word follows a preposition, possessive, or number."
The three types of mutation are:-
The three links above will take you to further information about these commonly occurring mutations.
Most Welsh courses and teachers advise students not to worry too much about this at the outset. Fluent speakers will understand you if you forget to mutate a letter. With practice this will come naturally and there is perhaps, no need for beginning learners to make a conscious effort to apply these rules.
However, if you wish to acquaint yourself with the rules early on you could look out for the 'Mutant Alert' notice on the vocabulary pages and use these as an opportunity to refresh your knowledge by checking the above links.
Spot the Mutation: The mutation above is an example of a ........... mutation?
PRESENT TENSE - AFFIRMATIVE
...
Dwi'n cysgu - I am sleeping
Wyt ti'n cysgu - You are sleeping (familiar)
Mae e'n cysgu / Mae hi'n cysgu - He / She is sleeping
Dyn ni'n cysgu - We are sleeping
Dych chi'n cysgu - You (plural) are sleeping (also singular formal)
Maen nhw'n cysgu - They are sleeping
,,,
PRESENT TENSE - NEGATIVE
...
Dwi ddim yn cysgu - I am not sleeping
Dwyt ti ddim yn cysgu - You are not sleeping (familiar)
Dydy e ddim yn cysgu / Dydy hi ddim yn cysgu - He / She is not sleeping
Dyn ni ddim yn cysgu - We are not sleeping
Dych chi ddim yn cysgu - You (plural) are not sleeping (also singular formal)
Dyn nhw ddim yn cysgu - They are not sleeping
...
PRESENT TENSE - INTERROGATIVE
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Ydw i'n cysgu? - Am I sleeping?
Wyt ti'n cysgu? - Are you sleeping? (familiar)
Ydy e'n cysgu / Ydy hi'n cysgu? - Is he / Is she sleeping?
Ydyn ni'n cysgu? - Are we sleeping?
Ydych chi'n cysgu? - Are you (plural) sleeping? (also singular formal)
Ydyn nhw'n cysgu? - Are they sleeping?
...
QUESTION - ’NO / YES’ REPLIES
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Ydw i'n cysgu? - (Nac) Wyt / (Ydych - formal)
Wyt ti'n cysgu? - (Nac) Ydw
Ydy e'n cysgu / Ydy hi'n cysgu? - (Nac) Ydy
Ydyn ni'n cysgu? - (Nac) Ydyn / Ydych
Ydych chi'n cysgu? - (Nac) Ydyn / (Ydw - formal)
Ydyn nhw'n cysgu? - (Nac) Ydyn
...
N.B. 'Wyt ti' is the familiar form of the 2nd person and should be used only when addressing close friends, family members and animals. 'Dych chi' is the polite form and should be used in all other instances.
