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Ufuddhau - To Obey
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*MUTANT ALERT*
In the sample sentence above on this page you will observe that the spelling of one word ( bob ) differs from the spelling on the relevant Geiriadur listing page ( Pob - All, Each, Every ). Be not alarmed!
This happens because:-
"Welsh, as with all other Celtic languages, often sees changes made to the beginning of words depending on the word that precedes it, or the role it plays in the sentence. These changes are known as "mutations", of which Welsh has three distinct types. Common situations in which a mutation may occur are when a word follows a preposition, possessive, or number."
The three types of mutation are:-
The three links above will take you to further information about these commonly occurring mutations.
Most Welsh courses and teachers advise students not to worry too much about this at the outset. Fluent speakers will understand you if you forget to mutate a letter. With practice this will come naturally and there is perhaps, no need for beginning learners to make a conscious effort to apply these rules.
However, if you wish to acquaint yourself with the rules early on you could look out for the 'Mutant Alert' notice on the vocabulary pages and use these as an opportunity to refresh your knowledge by checking the above links.
Spot the Mutation: The mutation above is an example of a ........... mutation?
PRESENT TENSE - AFFIRMATIVE
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Dwi'n ufuddhau - I am obeying
Wyt ti'n ufuddhau - You are obeying (familiar)
Mae e'n ufuddhau / Mae hi'n ufuddhau - He / She is obeying
Dyn ni'n ufuddhau - We are obeying
Dych chi'n ufuddhau - You (plural) are obeying (also singular formal)
Maen nhw'n ufuddhau - They are obeying
,,,
PRESENT TENSE - NEGATIVE
...
Dwi ddim yn ufuddhau - I am not obeying
Dwyt ti ddim yn ufuddhau - You are not obeying (familiar)
Dydy e ddim yn ufuddhau / Dydy hi ddim yn ufuddhau - He / She is not obeying
Dyn ni ddim yn ufuddhau - We are not obeying
Dych chi ddim yn ufuddhau - You (plural) are not obeying (also singular formal)
Dyn nhw ddim yn ufuddhau - They are not obeying
...
PRESENT TENSE - INTERROGATIVE
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Ydw i'n ufuddhau? - Am I obeying?
Wyt ti'n ufuddhau? - Are you obeying? (familiar)
Ydy e'n ufuddhau / Ydy hi'n ufuddhau? - Is he / Is she obeying?
Ydyn ni'n ufuddhau? - Are we obeying?
Ydych chi'n ufuddhau? - Are you (plural) obeying? (also singular formal)
Ydyn nhw'n ufuddhau? - Are they obeying?
...
QUESTION - ’NO / YES’ REPLIES
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Ydw i'n ufuddhau? - (Nac) Wyt / (Ydych - formal)
Wyt ti'n ufuddhau? - (Nac) Ydw
Ydy e'n ufuddhau / Ydy hi'n ufuddhau? - (Nac) Ydy
Ydyn ni'n ufuddhau? - (Nac) Ydyn / Ydych
Ydych chi'n ufuddhau? - (Nac) Ydyn / (Ydw - formal)
Ydyn nhw'n ufuddhau? - (Nac) Ydyn
...
N.B. 'Wyt ti' is the familiar form of the 2nd person and should be used only when addressing close friends, family members and animals. 'Dych chi' is the polite form and should be used in all other instances.
